one of the most significant discussion and challenges propounded in the macroeconomics is the effects of fluctuations of exchange rate on the macroeconomic variables (production, employment, inflation and … etc).in this direction, the important and noticeable point is the factors which lead to fluctuations in the exchange rate which, from amongst these factors as an example, is fluctuations in ...

This study employs auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration for long run and errorcorrection modeling (ECM) for short run analysis to examine the relationship between revenue gap and economic growth for Pakistan using annual time series data over the period 1980 to 2008. The short and long run results indicate that revenue gap is statistical significant and negati...

Export increases the total demand in society, which turn level of income and more through multiplier. This study investigates from an empirical point view determinants affecting Sudan’s exports during period (1977- 2018). The purpose was to identify interrelation between variables findings can be used for development economy. data obtained annual time series World Bank; input into Auto regressi...

In the light of previous literature fertility determines different economic, social and program inputs variables. The main object of this study to investigate the impact of sector specific (health and education) foreign aid on fertility in case of Pakistan. For empirical investigation Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is used over the period of 1973-2012. The results of the study sho...

abstract irregular extraction from agricultural wells around parishan lake, moreover fall of groundwater surface and water salty, would affect the level of lake water and move lake water into wells. in this study we have evaluated the externalities of extraction from agricultural wells around the lake. therefore feedback effect is considered between agricultural activity around the lake and lev...

this article analyses the effects of foreign exchange commitment and exchange rate unification policies on iran’s non-oil exports during the last three decades. in addition, the effects of these policies on non-oil exports have empirically been estimated. for this purpose, an export supply model was estimated using the econometrics technique of auto regressive distributed lag (ardl) and reliabl...

abstract-due to the important role productivity plays in future decision making and programming, the productivity indexes should have accurate quantities. in this study, auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) and genetic algorithm (ga) methods are applied to time series of 1978-2008 to accurately measure total factor productivity (tfp) in the agricultural sector of iran. the comparison of these...